Predictive clinical model of tumor response after chemoradiation in rectal cancer.

Moral et al, between immunohistochemistry markers studies (p53, cyclin D1, Ki67, and bcl-2 protein), only found a trend towards significance for cyclin D1 [ 57 ]. p21 (Waf1/Cip1) is known as one of the cell cycle inhibitors which plays a role through the p53 dependent or independent pathway. p21 expression in tumor cells serves the cell proliferation ability and protects against DNA damage by cell cycle inhibition. p21 is a tumor suppressor gene that, once activated in response to DNA damage, causes the cell to arrest in G1 through the interruption of cyclin-dependent kinases [ 58 ].

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