Periodically spilled-oil input as a trigger to stimulate the development of hydrocarbon-degrading consortia in a beach ecosystem.

Both genes reach their high abundance at early stage (D0 and D3) and then show an increasing trend after tidal action at D12 and D32 (Fig. 5C and D ).

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Thereafter, although the gravel beach is periodically affected by tidal action with fresh inputs of spilled oil, the residue oils, depending on the time sequence, exhibited full depletion of n -alkanes, a decreasing trend for isoprenoids, and no discernible changes in saturated biomarker distributions ( e . g ., steranes, hopanes; Supplementary Fig.

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