Phenotypic selection on flowering phenology and pollination efficiency traits between Primula populations with different pollinator assemblages.

At PNP population, pollinator‐mediated selection for a later flowering start date (Δβ poll = 0.093, p = .053) accounted for 66.91% [(0.093/0.139) × 100%] of the observed net directional selection (Figures 3 b and 4 c; Table 2 ) although it was only detected at marginal significance.

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Syrphid flies were more abundant in the earlier flowering period at BGTC population, where there was marginally significant selection for earlier flowering start date, and pollinator‐mediated selection could explain most of the observed net directional selection on this trait.

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