Joint statement for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for Gulf Cooperation Council countries and Middle East-North Africa region, 2017.

However, an increasing trend of smoking in women may be seen, due to increased marketing of cigarettes, social status, more professionally active women, and Westernization in the region. 39 Smoking in the MENA region (particularly water-pipe smoking) is part of the culture.

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