All other continents except South America and Oceania exhibit an increasing trend of annual GPP over the past 17 years ( Table 3 ).
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A global moderate resolution dataset of gross primary production of vegetation for 2000-2016.
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This spatial pattern is consistent with many previous studies: (1) high latitude regions and Qinghai Tibet Plateau experienced a continuous increasing GPP caused by warming and extended growing season 47–50 ; (2) afforestation in Northern China 51 , 52 and vegetation greening in southern Sahara Desert 53 , 54 also lead to an increase in GPP; (3) Tropical forest in southeast Asia 55 and southern part of Amazon 56 where deforestation happened exhibited a decreasing trend of GPP.