Very recently, airway epithelial ORM (yeast)-like protein isoform 3 (ORMDL3), an ER transmembrane protein associated with ORMLD3 gene locus (17q21) well-known as a highly significant risk factor for the development of asthma [ 49 , 50 ], has been demonstrated to be critically implicated in fungal allergic airway disease through ATF6-mediated activation of XBP-1 and ERAD pathway [ 51 ••].
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