Religion and National Identification in Europe: Comparing Muslim Youth in Belgium, England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden.

Specifically, constraining the effect of being a Muslim on national identification to be equal across all countries in the full model results in a highly significant Wald test ( p < .001), indicating that differences in identification between Muslim and majority youth still vary significantly across countries.

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In the remaining countries, Muslims were either not experiencing more unfair treatment in school than majority youth, or the direct effect of discrimination on national identification failed to reach significance.

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