Habitat formation prevails over predation in influencing fouling communities.

Careful examination of PCO (Figure 3 b; 60.1% variation explained), MDS (not shown), and PERMDISP ( F 2,69 = 2.91, p = .072, deviation from centroid; “0%”: 31.0 ± 1.7, “50%”: 28.1 ± 1.4, “100%”: 26.2 ± 1.1) suggests that these differences may partly be explained by the homogenization of community structure with increased turf density (i.e., marginally nonsignificant reduction of multivariate dispersion). 3.4 Prevalence of habitat formation in shaping associated assemblages The total SF volume did not influence MF, but ecospace (i.e., interstitial volume created among SF) had a significant effect on richness, abundances, and community structure of MF (Table 2 ).

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