2d, e that the PC of the ENAD mode, which explains ~30% of interannual variance of February TCO, shows an increasing trend over the last three decades.
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Stratospheric ozone loss over the Eurasian continent induced by the polar vortex shift.
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The sentences
This trend is statistically significant, indicating that the polar vortex shift may cause not only interannual variability of regional TCO but also a decreasing trend in TCO over the Eurasian continent that would delay the TCO recovery caused by ODS reduction.