The influence of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors on the gut microbiota: an age-sex-matched case-control study.

Although the observed species and the Chao 1 index showed a decreasing trend in PPI users group, there was no statistically significant difference in α-diversity between these two groups.

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The abundance of the phylum Actinobacteria also showed an increasing trend in the PPI users group, though the difference was not statistically significant [Fig. 3 B (d)].

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