Reproduction and survival in the city: which fitness components drive urban colonization in a reed-nesting waterbird?

After controlling for these effects, I found that mean hemoglobin concentrations differed significantly between urban zones ( F 1,25 = 3.23, P = 0.036), showing a decreasing trend from the most urbanized areas to the natural-like habitats in the suburbs (contrast analysis: F = 13.00, df = 1, P = 0.001; Figure 3 A).

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