Long-term smoking alters abundance of over half of the proteome in bronchoalveolar lavage cell in smokers with normal spirometry, with effects on molecular pathways associated with COPD.

Multivariate analysis using OPLS-DA showed a highly significant separation between the two groups (p[CV-ANOVA] = 6.2 × 10 −19 ; Fig. 2a , Additional file 2 : Figure S1) with 91% predictive power ( R 2 = 0.95, Q 2 = 0.91), driven by 506 significant proteins (|p(corr)[1]| > 0.34, Additional file 1 : Table S2).

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