Integration of pharmacology, molecular pathology, and population data science to support precision gastrointestinal oncology.

71 Hence, PIK3CA mutation in colorectal cancer may be a predictive biomarker for response to aspirin, while its prognostic role may not be significant. 73 – 79 The findings have been subsequently tested in independent datasets, 80 – 83 systematic review and meta-analyses, 73 , 84 and in vitro experiments on colon and breast cancer cells. 85 , 86 Although most of these follow-up studies support the original observations in the human population, new prospective trials on aspirin are needed to validate the findings in addition to the existing trials on aspirin. 63 , 65 , 87 Pharmaco-MPE studies on the association of postdiagnosis aspirin use with colorectal cancer survival according to other tumor molecular markers are also warranted.

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