Population screening and transmission experiments indicate paramyxid-microsporidian co-infection in Echinogammarus marinus represents a non-hyperparasitic relationship between specific parasite strains.

However, 49 cases of co-infection were observed and 10 cases of infection with only Paramarteilia , a result that is highly significant (Chi-Square; χ 2 = 39.4, df = 1 P < 0.0001) and consistent with that found in a previous survey 13 .

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