Distinct metabolic programs induced by TGF-β1 and BMP2 in human articular chondrocytes with osteoarthritis.

BMP2 promotes oxidative phosphorylation in hACs with OA Because a decreasing trend in glucose consumption and lactate production, but an apparent increase in ATP production ( Fig. 1 ) were noticed in chondrocytes treated with BMP2, we next sought to determine if BMP2 promotes mitochondrial oxidative metabolism by directly comparing the mitochondrial oxidative activity under different treatments.

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