Connective tissue growth factor expression after angiotensin II exposure is dependent on transforming growth factor-β signaling via the canonical Smad-dependent pathway in hypertensive induced myocardial fibrosis.

Similarly, 24 hours of Ang-II infusion resulted in an increasing trend in pSmad2 levels relative to reference protein actin ( Figure 6(c) and (d) , 3.1-fold ± 0.9, p = 0.0686), while total Smad2/3 levels remain unchanged ( Figure 6(c) ).

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The addition of the TGF-β trap reduced CTGF expression but this failed to reach significance ( Figure 1(a) ; 4.8-fold ± 0.7 vs. media control, 38% reduction, not significant).

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