Pneumococcal carriage in children and their household contacts six years after introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in England.

When compared with the 2001/02 pre-PCV baseline using the GEE model the overall odds of carriage of any pneumococcus was not significantly different from 1 in any of the post- PCV surveys ( Table 3 ); similar results were obtained when stratified by age, with the exception of a marginally significant reduction in carriage prevalence in those aged 5 years and over in 2015/16 (odds ratio 0.55, 0.30–0.99) ( Table 3 ).

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