We previously conducted a pilot analysis of a limited number of human alcoholics and controls that revealed no differences in the expression of the PDYN gene in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and OPRK1 gene (opioid receptor kappa 1 gene encoding KOR protein) in dlPFC, and elevation with a borderline significance of PDYN and KOR mRNA levels in dlPFC and OFC, respectively, of alcoholics 35 .
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Downregulation of the neuronal opioid gene expression concomitantly with neuronal decline in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of human alcoholics.
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