Moreover, because both the chloroplast and mitochondrion are semiautonomous organelles regulated by the nucleus, the communication of organelle stresses to the nucleus and the modulation of the expression of stress-related genes, which are defined as retrograde signaling pathways, are considered to be extremely significant during physiological challenges, including heat stress ( Sun and Guo, 2016 ; Figure 2 ).
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An Overview of Biomembrane Functions in Plant Responses to High-Temperature Stress.
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