Climatic modulation of surface acidification rates through summertime wind forcing in the Southern Ocean.

During a period with positive SAM trends at high-latitudes (60°–55° S), MLD showed an increasing trend (Fig. 3d ), suggesting an increase in vertical mixing that will entrain more subsurface waters with low pH and Ω arag into the mixed layer (Fig. 5a, b ), which enhances acidification rates.

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In contrast, in the mid-latitude band (50°–45° S), MLD showed a decreasing trend during a positive SAM trend (Fig. 3l ), suggesting a decrease in vertical mixing that will entrain less subsurface waters into the mixed layer (Fig. 5a, b ), which suppresses acidification rates.

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