Levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in raw wastewater as an innovative perspective for investigating population-wide exposure to third-hand smoke.

In Switzerland, about 0.3% of the population has used electronic cigarettes daily 38 and approximately 16% of the heavy smokers relied on non-tobacco nicotine items to stop smoking, with an increasing trend of electronic cigarettes as the first choice 39 .

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