Severely malnourished children with a low weight-for-height have a higher mortality than those with a low mid-upper-arm-circumference: I. Empirical data demonstrates Simpson's paradox.

As shown in Table 2 , for marasmic cases each comparison is highly significant with WHZ having a higher mortality than MUAC when the children fulfilling each criterion alone are considered.

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They show that for marasmic children the odds ratio is marginally significant at 1.37 (95% CI, 0.99–1.90) whereas for oedematous children the odds ratio for death with K-whz is twice that of K-muac (2.03, CI 1.50–2.75).

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