Substrate accumulation and extracellular matrix remodelling promote persistent upper airway disease in mucopolysaccharidosis patients on enzyme replacement therapy.

Comparison of expression between tonsil and adenoid tissue taken from the same individual (n = 5) demonstrated consistently raised expression of cytokines in tonsils relative to adenoids, although this failed to reach significance (tonsils relative to adenoids; IL-1α: 3.6 fold; IL-6: 1.2 fold; TNF-α: 1.3 fold).

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