The Importance of Socioeconomic Status as a Modulator of the Bilingual Advantage in Cognitive Ability.

With respect to background cognitive performance, the language groups were equivalent on the Raven’s Matrices test of fluid intelligence [ F (1, 86) = 0.095, p = 0.76, η 2 = 0.001], digit span forward [ F (1, 86) = 0.87, p = 0.35, η 2 = 0.007] and backwards [ F (1, 86) = 0.05, p = 0.82, η 2 = 0.000] and although there was a highly significant main effect of SES ( p < 0.001 in all cases), there were no significant language group by SES interaction effects ( p = 0.76, η 2 = 0.001; p = 0.96, η 2 = 0.000; p = 0.16, η 2 = 0.019, respectively).

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