Associations of lack of voluntary private insurance and out-of-pocket expenditures with health inequalities. Evidence from an international longitudinal survey in countries with universal health coverage.

Controlling for other individual factors, having a voluntary private insurance was protective (0.87≤HR≤0.91), whereas having out-of-pocket expenditures was a risk factor (1.14≤HR≤1.21 when comparing the reference category 0€ with the category expenses ≥ 200€, result marginally significant for risk of depression).

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