Multi-modal pain assessment: are near-infrared spectroscopy, skin conductance, salivary cortisol, physiologic parameters, and Neonatal Facial Coding System interrelated during venepuncture in healthy, term neonates?

Mild to moderate increases in the heart rate and SpO 2 values were observed with venepuncture, and a nonsignificant trend to a slight decrease in the respiratory rate was noted ( Table 2 ).

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The Hb analysis showed an increasing trend in all parameters analyzed, significantly for the maximum value of [HbO 2 ] and [HbT] parameters during the 20 s post-venepuncture periods ( Table 2 ).

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