Forced oscillation technique for early detection of the effects of smoking and COPD: contribution of fractional-order modeling.

48 In line with previous FOT results in smokers and mild COPD patients, and in contrast with the study of Di Marco et al, the resistive parameters presented a highly significant increase (R0, R4, Rm; Table 1 ). 6 , 13 , 49 – 51 In the study of Shinke et al approximately 60% of the studied smokers showed elevated resistance. 52 Using an impulse-oscillation system, Frantz et al and Elbehairy et al showed that pulmonary resistance can indicate abnormalities earlier than conventional spirometric parameters, while Crim et al found increased resistance values in subjects with mild COPD. 9 , 53 , 54 Reasonable relationships were observed among the resistive parameters and the spirometric indices ( Table 3 ), mainly the indices associated with airway obstruction.

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