Ecotourism effects on health and immunity of Magellanic penguins at two reproductive colonies with disparate touristic regimes and population trends.

Conserv Physiol · 2018 · PMC6233856 · PMID 30464841

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0710

closest p · 1.4× alpha

0.1000

boldest claim

The sentences

a marginal trendP = 0.071so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The H/L ratio, which did not differ between age groups, was higher in tourist-visited than control sites, with a marginal trend ( P = 0.071) towards a tourism by age interaction (Table 2 , Fig. 3 ).

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marginal significanceP < 0.1so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Significance is reported at the P < 0.05 level; however, we also discuss results showing marginal significance (0.05 < P < 0.1) following recommendations for studies in conservation science ( Fidler et al. , 2006 ; Field et al. , 2004 ).

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marginally significantno p-value reported

Effect sizes of statistically significant and marginally significant tourism effects were estimated using Cohen's d , Glass's Δ, and Hedge's g ( Supplementary information ) and effect size ranges reported.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.