Musical practice as an enhancer of cognitive function in healthy aging - A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PLoS One · 2018 · PMC6258526 · PMID 30481227

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.1000

closest p · 2.0× alpha

0.1000

boldest claim

The sentences

a positive trendp = 0.10so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

A positive trend was also observed in semantic verbal fluency (SMD = 0.288, 95% CI [-0.033, 0.609], p = 0.10; small) and visuoconstruction (SMD = 0.378, 95% CI [-0.072, 0.829], p = 0.079; small).

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marginally significantno p-value reported

Even though experimental studies were few and involved relatively short training programs, the meta-analyses of these works showed an overall positive trend in most of the functions explored, along with clear effects in reasoning and visuoconstruction (significant) and flexibility (marginally significant).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.