The empirical characteristics of human pattern vision defy theoretically-driven expectations.

There is a substantial (average coefficient -0.6) highly significant (p<10 −20 ) shift of the distribution towards negative values for contrast-dependence (bottom histogram), together with a mild (∼0.16) less significant (p<0.01) shift towards positive values for SNR-dependence (top histogram).

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For example, if we measure a positive trend for contrast dependence of sharpness, a given model is excluded if unable to produce a similarly positive trend (any trend produced by the model must be either null or negative).

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