HR-MAS NMR Based Quantitative Metabolomics in Breast Cancer.

Consistently, higher levels of choline-containing metabolites have been reported to be associated with poor prognostic features, including tumour grade, proliferation and ER negativity [ 47 ], triple-negativity [ 96 ] and a tumour size larger than 2 cm [ 41 ], as well as higher levels of glycine with larger tumour size [ 41 ] and survival time shorter than 5 years [ 85 ], although the latter did only reach borderline significance.

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Using survival time shorter or longer than five years as the endpoint, higher lactate levels were found in ER+ non-survivors, while higher levels of glycine almost reached statistical significance [ 85 ].

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