Regulatory changes in pterin and carotenoid genes underlie balanced color polymorphisms in the wall lizard.

This genotyping revealed that in 56 of 57 cases, orange and mosaic individuals were homozygous for one allele (hereafter o ) at the SPR locus, whereas yellow and white individuals, with one exception, were either heterozygous ( n = 41) or homozygous ( n = 16) for the alternative allele (hereafter O ): a highly significant association (recessive model, P = 9.3 × 10 −29 ).

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In the other tissues, we found no significant differences between morphs for BCO2 , whereas SPR was slightly up-regulated in the muscle and brain of orange individuals (opposite to the pattern that was observed in the skin), and the differences were significant for the muscle and marginally significant for the brain ( SI Appendix , Fig.

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