Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic outlooks for arthrofibrosis.

228 Epigenetic alterations are likely to be significant factors in persistent active arthrofibrosis, as has recently been shown for lung fibrosis, 195 other fibrotic diseases 108 , 147 and cardiorespiratory abnormalities from hypoxia-induced DNA methylation and persistent increases in ROS. 229 Histopathology Histochemical and immunohistochemical studies have significantly advanced the understanding of the pathogenesis of arthrofibrosis, and fibrosis in general, demonstrating alterations in tissue composition and structure and cell activity.

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Antibodies to substance P were used to indicate the presence of sensory nerves, suggesting that hyperinnervation and high levels of substance P may be significant contributors to active arthrofibrosis. 57 Current treatments and new therapeutic outlooks Non-pharmacological treatments Arthrofibrosis research has often focused on treatments that address the structural pathology of the condition.

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