Assessing Understory Complexity in Beech-dominated Forests (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L.) in Central Europe-From Managed to Primary Forests.

Considering the different age classes of the managed forests ( Table 3 ), we observed on average a decreasing trend of the UCI from thickets with mature overstory trees (0–20) to immature timber stands (41–80) in traditionally managed forest sites and mature timber stands (81–120) in alternatively managed forest sites.

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Looking at the UCI of the unmanaged study sites ( Figure 6 b), there is an increasing trend from the National Parks Hainich (1.83) and Kellerwald (1.98) over the primary forests Rožok (2.22) to Uholka (3.56), even though only Uholka differed significantly (b) from the other unmanaged sites (Hainich = Kellerwald = Rožok < Uholka).

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