Haem iron reshapes colonic luminal environment: impact on mucosal homeostasis and microbiome through aldehyde formation.

Finally, the pairwise comparison between the faecal metabolic profiles of the HEM and HEM-Ca groups was also highly significant (Q 2 Y = 0.82, R 2 Y = 0.96, P = 0.001, Fig. 3 c), with increased levels of five bile acids, glutamate, hypoxanthine, 4-hydroxypropionic acid, and several unknown compounds observed in the faecal extracts of HEM-Ca-fed rats.

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