Endocytosis, intracellular fate, accumulation, and agglomeration of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles in the rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1.

However, a slight trend towards a dose-dependent upregulation was observed in at least one of the three experimental repetitions for SOD-1, GCLcat, GPx, and GST, with mRNA expression levels being increased between 1.1- and 1.5-fold at 100 μg/ml TiO 2 NP (red circles, Fig. 6 ).

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