Effectiveness of 23-Valent Polysaccharide Pneumococcal Vaccine and Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Incidence from 2000 to 2017 in Those Aged 65 and Over in England and Wales.

Vaccine effectiveness by risk group achieved borderline significance (p = 0.05) and was highest in those without any risk factors (45%; 95% CI, 27–59) followed by the high-risk immunocompetent (25%; 95% CI, 11–37) and lowest in the immunocompromised (13%; 95% CI, − 9 to 30).

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