highly significantp = 0.003
This was confirmed with a one-way ANCOVA comparing standard scores of verbal ability between children who do and do not report playing a musical instrument, with age, sex, SES, and VO 2 max as covariates: the effect of playing an instrument was highly significant [ F (1, 94) = 9.10, p = 0.003, partial η 2 = 0.091].