Smoking-induced risk of future cardiovascular disease is partly mediated by cadmium in tobacco: Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort Study.

However, in a study based upon NHANES data it was found that blood cadmium concentrations showed highly significant correlations with smoking duration, smoking dose and pack-years in former smokers with no dramatic differences compared to similar analysis with urine cadmium levels [ 42 ].

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The confidence intervals of the indirect effects all covered null (0 as null), however, the indirect effect of MACE for current smokers was borderline significant (but significant in the AFT model).

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