Animal studies, using tract tracing, electrical stimulation, lesioning, and neural recording techniques were instrumental in identifying key subcortical regions important for bladder control, including the PMC which represents the major outflow tract to initiate micturition ( Loewy et al., 1979 ; Holstege et al., 1986 ; Blok and Holstege, 1997 ), the pontine continence center ( Holstege et al., 1986 ; Griffiths et al., 1990 ), the PAG, which receives afferent information about bladder filling and may be significant in switching from storage to voiding mode ( Noto et al., 1991 ; Blok et al., 1995 ; Liu et al., 2004 ), and the globus pallidus ( Lewin and Porter, 1965 ; Porter et al., 1971 ), amongst many others.
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