Dietary fructose-induced gut dysbiosis promotes mouse hippocampal neuroinflammation: a benefit of short-chain fatty acids.

In control mice, antibiotics caused significant reduction in IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA levels and a decreasing trend in IL-6 mRNA levels (Fig. 1 a) and the numbers of Iba-1 + microglia in the whole hippocampus (Fig. 1 b and Additional file 1 : Figure S1a).

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Moreover, these animals showed an increasing trend in Firmicutes (Fig. 2 c).

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