Intake of 12 food groups and disability-adjusted life years from coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer in 16 European countries.

For example, refined grains contributed to approximately 4–5% of total DALYs (driven by CHD and T2D) due to their high consumption in European countries (mean intake ranged between 82 g/d to 224 g/d) in scenarios A and C (TMREL: 60–65 g/d), despite the association not being significant for CHD (RR 220 g/d : 1.19, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.49) and being borderline significant for T2D (RR 220 g/d : 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.13) [ 5 , 6 ], but contributed only to 0.5% of total DALYs in scenarios B and D.

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