An Evaluation of Publication Bias in High-Impact Orthopaedic Literature.

For example, if 3 independent studies were to show a similar substantial improvement in patient outcome, but the p value in each study was p ≥ 0.05, the individual studies would be reported as demonstrating “no significant effect.” However, if the 3 studies were to be combined using meta-analysis, their combined p value may be significant.

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