Predator-induced fear causes PTSD-like changes in the brains and behaviour of wild animals.

Individuals that heard predator vocalizations 7 days previously demonstrated a highly significant (Fig. 2a ; F 1,8 = 21.0, P = 0.002), 48% greater level of ΔFosB immunoreactivity (positive cells/mm 2 ) in the amygdala than did those that heard non-predator vocalizations 7 days previously, as well as a highly significant (Fig. 2b ; F 1,8 = 12.1, P = 0.008), 42% greater level of ΔFosB immunoreactivity in the hippocampus (n = 6 predator and 6 non-predator individuals).

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