Congenital Transmission of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>: A Review About the Interactions Between the Parasite, the Placenta, the Maternal and the Fetal/Neonatal Immune Responses.

cruzi infection of pregnant women affects the developing immune system of fetuses independently of congenital infection ( Dauby et al., 2009 ), which might be related to placental inflammation ( Jennewein et al., 2017 ), and (iii) the parasite induces, as mentioned above, in ex vivo infected HPE, a highly significant increase of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines ( Castillo et al., 2017b , c ).

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