marginally significantP = 0.016
There is only a weak, marginally significant negative correlation between the level of resistance and fitness cost (Supplementary Fig. 1 , Spearman’s rho = −0.24, P = 0.016 ( N = 98)), and this correlation becomes non-significant after controlling for drug type ( P = 0.6 and P = 0.39 for antibiotics ( N = 60) and AMPs ( N = 38) respectively, Spearman’s correlation).