Geographic isolation and climatic variability contribute to genetic differentiation in fragmented populations of the long-lived subalpine conifer Pinus cembra L. in the western Alps.

MMRR analysis resulted in a highly significant correlation between F ST and the climatic distance matrix ( R = 0.34, p = 0.002), while the contribution of geographic distance to genetic differentiation was non-significant, only if evaluated with altitudinal distance (Table 3 ).

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