Historical contingency in the evolution of antibiotic resistance after decades of relaxed selection.

Although the capacity of the derived Ara–5 clone to evolve increased resistance was significantly greater than its ancestor when considered in isolation ( S2 Table ), it was marginally nonsignificant when we examined overall trends for each antibiotic ( Table 2 ) using a meta-analysis approach [ 52 , 53 ].

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The absence of an overall trend toward diminishing returns might be attributable in part to two methodological issues.

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