almost significantlyp ≤ 0.071
Touching the proboscis with water did not affect the PER, as no animal retracted its proboscis; by contrast, most animals which proboscis touched quinine interrupted the PER and retracted the proboscis, almost significantly for sucrose concentrations 1 and 3% (McNemar’s test, p ≤ 0.071), and significantly for concentrations 10 and 30% (McNemar’s test, p ≤ 0.005); no difference was observed for other concentrations, but the PER rates were low for them anyway.