Differential Modulation of Innate Immune Responses in Human Primary Cells by Influenza A Viruses Carrying Human or Avian Nonstructural Protein 1.

Remarkably, at 6 h we found an interesting and distinct negative trend between vRNA and all of the IFNs for hNS1-bearing viruses, while a positive trend was observed for aNS1-expressing viruses, suggesting that hNS1 and aNS1 could be affecting this relationship differently.

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